Abstract Fiber Reinforced Soils (FRS) are mixtures of discrete fibers with the soil to create a composite with improved mechanical properties compared to unreinforced material that depends on several soil and fiber properties. Therefore, comparative studies are needed to better understand their influence on FRS mechanical response. This paper analyzes the results of a comprehensive triaxial testing program performed on specimens of two different sands at the same relative density focusing on how the grain size distribution affects the composite behavior in terms of shear strength and dilatancy. It is shown that the grain size curve's uniformity coefficient (Cu) is one of the critical variables controlling FRS's dilatancy. Dune sand specimens (Cu = 1.79) presented dilatancy even for confining stresses as high as 300 kPa. The shear gains due to reinforcement were controlled by fiber length (L) and percentage (Pf), and size and shape of soil particles. River sand specimens with L = 51 mm and 1% fiber addition (dry mass) presented increments of 47.7 kPa in soil cohesion and a 5.2o increase in the soil friction angle compared to unreinforced material.

RESUMO Avaliou-se o coeficiente de escoamento (volume escoado/volume precipitado), que define a capacidade de redução do escoamento superficial de um pavimento com blocos de solo-cimento intertravados (20,7 m de comprimento e 3 m de largura) dentro de uma estrutura de vigas de concreto transversais implantada em uma área de declividade de 6% e solo de baixa permeabilidade, e condições similares em áreas de ocupação de populações de baixa renda. Cento e oitenta e quatro eventos (precipitações) foram registrados, mas somente foram considerados eventos com volume precipitado maior que a capacidade máxima de armazenamento do pavimento (≈ 1.500 L) e temperatura menor a 23ºC para manter a precisão do sensor de medição. Os valores experimentais do coeficiente C oscilaram na faixa de 0,47 a 0,79, que confirmam que o pavimento de bloco de solo-cimento é semipermeável.

ABSTRACT In this article, the authors assessed the runoff coefficient C (drained volume/volume precipitate), which defines the capacity reduction of runoff, of a pavement with soil-cement interlocking blocks (20.7 m long and 3 m wide) within a structure of transverse concrete beams deployed in an area with slope of 6% and low permeability soil, and similar conditions in areas occupied by poor populations. One hundred and eighty-four events (rainfall) were recorded, but only events with a precipitate volume greater than the maximum capacity storage of pavement (≈ 1,500 liters) and a temperature less than 23ºC, to maintain the accuracy of the measurement sensor, were considered. The experimental values of the coefficient C varied in the range of 0.47 to 0.79, confirming that the soil-cement block pavement is semi permeable.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar as doses de exposição aos contaminantes chumbo (Pb) e cádmio (Cd) em crianças de 0 a 17 anos de idade via consumo de alimentos vegetais cultivados em quintais contaminados, localizados no entorno de uma metalúrgica desativada, no município de Santo Amaro, Estado da Bahia. Para a estimativa das doses foi utilizada a metodologia de avaliação de riscos sobre a saúde humana, especificamente a etapa de análise da exposição, determinando as concentrações dos metais e variáveis sociodemográficas das crianças. As doses de exposição estimadas para ambos os contaminantes superaram os valores recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), atingindo valores máximos de exposição de 166,9 μg.kg−1 dia−1 e 2,95 μg.kg−1 dia−1 para o Pb e o Cd, respectivamente, por consumo de frutas. Os resultados comprovam que o consumo de alimentos vegetais cultivados em quintais pela população residente próxima à antiga fábrica é uma importante rota de exposição atual aos metais, representando um risco para a saúde da população.

This paper aims to estimate the exposure of children between 0 to 17 years old to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) via ingestion of vegetables cultivated in contaminated backyards located in the surroundings of a deactivated lead metallurgy in Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil. For the estimation of the exposure doses, the risk assessment on human health methodology, exposure analysis, was used, determining the concentrations of metals and socio-demographic variables of children. The estimated doses for both contaminants exceeded the values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Maximum obtained values were 166.9 μg.kg−1 day−1 and 2.95 μg.kg−1day−1 for Cd and Pb, respectively, due to fruits consumption. The results show that the consumption of vegetables cultivated in the backyards by the population living near the deactivated metallurgical plant plays an important role in the exposition of the population to metals.

This study evaluated the level of the metals Pb mg kg-1 and Cd mg kg-1 found in plant species and the contribution of the levels detected in contaminated soils located in the urban area of the city of Santo Amaro, Bahia. Levels were determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed the presence of Pb and Cd in plant species at levels ranging from 0.18 to 118.2 mg kg-1 and 0.04 to 7.29 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentration values obtained varied according to the plant species and were not strongly influenced by the concentration values detected in the soil.